LOGIC Apps/Logic-APPLE_II_APPS.iso/mac/LOGIC Apple II 5.25" Library - ProDOS 8/P8D001E.dsk/AH.12.TXT

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                             APPLE II HISTORY
                             ===== == =======

                  Compiled and written by Steven Weyhrich
                    (C) Copyright 1991, Zonker Software

               (PART 12 -- PERIPHERALS & THE APPLE II ABROAD)
                            [v1.0 :: 31 Dec 91]


THE APPLE II ABROAD

     Early on, Apple got involved in selling the Apple II in Europe and the
Far East.  To function in those parts of the world called for a change to
handle a different voltage (240V instead of the 120V we use in the U.S.).
Also, the language differences had to be overcome.  It was easiest in
Europe where, for the most part, the standard Roman alphabet was used.  The
primary differences were in symbols used together with letters for certain
specific uses.  Apple's Europlus ][ had a modified ROM, and certain ESC key
sequences could generate the German umlaut symbol to go with certain
vowels.<1>
     When the IIe was released there were some other differences.  The
German version was built with a an external switch below the keyboard,
allowing the user to change between a standard U.S. layout and a German
layout.  (American versions of the IIe lacked the switch, but had a place
on the motherboard that could be modified to allow a Dvorak keyboard layout
to be switched in instead of the standard keyboard).  The IIe auxiliary
slot, which was placed in line with the old slot 0 on American versions
(but moved forward on the motherboard) was placed in front of slot 3 on
German versions.  This was because the European Apple IIe's also had added
circuitry to follow the PAL protocol for video output used for televisions
and computer monitors in Europe (in the U.S. the NTSC protocol is
followed).  Because of the extra space needed on the IIe motherboard for
the PAL circuits, the auxiliary slot had to be moved to be in line with
slot 3.  Because the 80-column firmware was mapped to slot 3, if an
80-column card was installed in the auxiliary slot it was not possible to
use any other card in slot 3.  Versions of the IIe made for other European
countries had similar modifications to account for regional
differences.<1>,<2>
     When the Apple IIc came along, it was designed from the start to take
the foreign market into account.  If you recall, the U.S. version of the
IIc had a standard layout when the keyboard switch was up, and a Dvorak
layout when the switch was down.  European versions were similar to the
American layout with the switch up, and had regional versions that could be
swapped in with the switch down.  The British version only substituted the
British pound sign for the American pound sign on the "3" key, but the
French, German, Italian, and Spanish versions had several different symbols
available.  A Canadian version of the IIc was the same as the American with
the switch up, and had some other special symbols with the switch down.
This version was unique because each keycap had the symbols for both
switched versions.  For example, the "3" key had the "3" and "#" symbols,
plus the British pound symbol, making it a bit more crowded than a typical
keycap.
     The Apple IIGS continued the practice of making international versions
available, but improved on the design by making the various keyboard
layouts all built-in.  On the IIGS it was selectable via the control panel,
as was the screen display of the special characters for each type of
keyboard.


APPLE II PERIPHERALS

     Moving on, we will now take a look at hardware items that extend the
capability of the Apple II.  The ability to add an external hardware device
to a computer has been there from the earliest days of the first Altair to
the present.  In fact, the success of a computer has inevitably led to
hackers designing something to make it do things it couldn't do before.
The more popular the computer, the more variety you will find in hardware
add-ons.  The Apple II, designed by a hacker to be as expandable as
possible, was once a leader as a platform for launching new and unique
hardware gadgets.  Today, in 1991, the Apple II unfortunately no longer
holds the front position; it has been supplanted by the Macintosh and IBM
crowd.  However, the Apple II still benefits from the "trickle-down" of
some of the best new devices from other computers (SCSI disk devices and
hand scanners, for example).  This is due partly to emerging standards that
make it easier to design a single hardware device that will work on
multiple computers, and in the case of the Macintosh, because of Apple's
decision to make peripherals somewhat compatible between the two computer
lines.
     Trying to sort out all the peripheral devices ever designed for the
Apple II series of computers into a sensible order is not easy.  In this
segment of the Apple II History I'll try to give an overview of hardware
devices that were either significant in the advancement of the II, or
unique, one-of-a-kind devices.  Obviously, this cannot be a comprehensive
list; I am limited to those peripherals about which I can find information
or have had personal experience.


WHAT IS A PERIPHERAL?

     A basic definition of a peripheral would be, "Something attached to a
computer that makes it possible to do more than it could previously do."
It is called a "peripheral" because it usually is connected to the computer
after it leaves the factory.  An argument could be made that something
built-in is not a peripheral, but as things have changed over time there
are some devices still called "peripherals" from force of habit, though
they are now built-in (hard disks come to mind).  Quite probably, in time
manydevices that were once considered optional accessories will become so
essential that they will always be built-in.
     Recall that the earliest computers came with almost NOTHING built-in.
They had a microprocessor, a little memory, some means of data input and
display of results, the ability to access some or all of the signals from
the microprocessor, and that was all.  For those computers, the first
things that users added were keyboards and TV monitors to make it easier to
use them.  Recognizing that the earliest hardware peripherals were
keyboards and monitors highlights one fact:  Nearly EVERYTHING that is sold
as a peripheral for a computer is either an input device, and output
device, or an interface to make it possible to connect input and output
devices.  Exceptions are cards to add memory, co-processor cards to allow
it to run software from another computer, and accelerators to make the
computer run faster.


EARLY PERIPHERALS

     When we come to the release of the first Apple II, two important
"peripherals" were built-in:  A keyboard, and the circuitry to allow easy
connection of a TV monitor.  It had, of course, the slots for inserting
expansion cards (none were available), a game port (for attaching the game
paddles that were included), a pin that could be used to connect an RF
modulator (so a standard television could be used instead of a computer
monitor), and a cassette interface.  Since there were no cards available to
plug into the slots, you would imagine that the Apple II couldn't make use
of any other hardware.  However, those early users who had a need usually
found a way around these limits.
     To get a printed copy of a program listing, for example, was no
trivial matter.  First, there were very few printers available.  Those who
could, obtained old used teletypes salvaged from mainframe computers.
These noisy, massive clunkers often had no lowercase letters (not a big
problem, since the Apple II didn't have it either), and printed at the
blazing speed of 10 cps (characters per second).  To use these printers
when there were yet no printer interface cards to make it easy to connect,
hackers used a teletype driver written by Wozniak and distributed in the
original Apple II Reference Manual (the "red book").  This driver sent
characters to the printer through a connection to the game paddle port.
One part of being a hacker, you can see, is improvising with what you
have.<3>
     Another of the earliest devices designed for the Apple II came from
Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange (A.P.P.L.E.).  They were involved
in distributing Integer BASIC programs on cassette to members of the group.
To make it easier to send those programs to the person responsible for
duplicating the cassette, Darrell Aldrich designed a means of sending the
programs over the telephone lines.  There were no modems available at the
time, so his "Apple Box" was attached to the phone line with alligator
clips and then plugged into the cassette port on the Apple II.  To send a
program, you first called up the person who was to receive it and got the
computers on each end connected to the Apple Box.  The sender then used the
SAVE command in BASIC to tell the computer to save a program to tape.  In
actuality, the program was being "saved" through the cassette "out" port to
the Apple Box, and onto the phone line connected.  At the other end of that
phone line, the data went into the other Apple Box, which was connected to
the cassette "in" port on the other Apple II.  That computer was executing
the LOAD command in BASIC to "load" the program from the Apple Box.
A.P.P.L.E. sold about twenty of these Apple Boxes at $10 apiece.<3>


INTERFACE CARDS

     One of the first interface cards made for the Apple II was released,
naturally, by Apple.  The Apple II Parallel Interface Card was released in
1977 and sold for $180.<4>  Wozniak wrote the firmware ROM, and managed to
make it fit entirely in only 256 bytes.  As a parallel device, it used
eight wires to connect the computer with a printer, one line for each data
bit in a byte.  Various parallel devices also used one or more extra wires
as control lines, including a "busy" line (so the receiving device could
tell the sending device to stop until it was ready for more), and a "ready"
line (so the receiving device could tell the sending device to resume
transmission).  Because each of the eight bits needed a separate wire, the
cables for parallel devices looked like ribbons and were not very compact.
Most of the early printers available required this type of interface.<5>  A
problem noticed with Apple's card, however, was an inability to properly
handle these "busy" and "ready" signals (a process known as "handshaking").
One solution offered by a reader of Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine in 1979 was to
add a couple of chips to the card.  If that was not done, however, the only
way to do printouts that were very long was to either buy a 2K print buffer
that could be used with some early printers, or use the "SPEED=" statement
in Applesoft to slow down the speed at which data was sent to the
printer.<6>,<7>
     Apple released the Centronics parallel printer card in 1978.  Selling
for $225, it was specifically designed to work with Centronics brand
printers.<4>  It was similar to the Parallel Printer Interface, but had
fewer control codes.  The "Centronics standard" used seven data bits and
three handshaking bits.<8>  It would automatically send certain control
codes to the printer when a program sent the proper command (such as a
change in line width).  As such, it was limited to properly working only
with a Centronics printer, but many companies made printers that used the
same control codes and would work with it.<5>
     In April 1978 the Apple II Communications Card came out, selling for
$225.<4>  It was intended for use with a modem, and worked for speeds from
110 to 300 baud.  The low speed (by today's standards) was for several
reasons.  One was that most modems of the time were acoustic.  With an
acoustic modem you dialed up the number yourself, and when you made a
connection you put the handset (that's the part you talk and listen with,
for you non-technical folks) into rubber sockets to seal out extraneous
sound.  A tiny speaker and microphone in the modem were then used to send
and receive signals.  This leads to a second reason for the low speeds of
the time, which was that greater than 300 baud communications was not
considered possible.  In fact, the Phone Company was QUITE certain that
speeds over 300 baud were not possible with any modem, although they would
be glad to lease you a special data-quality phone line so you could get the
best possible connection at 300 baud.
     The Apple II Serial Interface Card ($195) appeared in August of
1978.<4>  Serial devices required fewer data transmission lines, and so
could work with more compact cables.  Instead of sending each byte as eight
simultaneous bits as was done in parallel devices, serial interfaces send
each byte as a series of eight bits, which only took two wires; one to send
and one to receive data.  Like the parallel cards, there were a couple of
other wires that went with the data lines to control handshaking.  Also,
serial cards needed a means of letting the sending and receiving devices
identify when a byte began and ended, and the speed at which data was being
transmitted.  This meant that some additional information, such as "start"
bits, "stop" bits, and "parity" bits, was needed.
     The original version of the Serial Interface Card had a ROM that was
called the P8 ROM.  It contained the on-card program that allowed a user to
print or otherwise communicate with the card without having to know much on
the hardware level.  The P8 ROM didn't support handshaking that used two
ASCII control characters named ETX (Control-C) and ACK (Control-F), so a
later revision called the P8A ROM was released.  (ASCII stands for American
Standard Code for Information Interchange).  This worked better with some
printers, but unfortunately the P8A ROM was not compatible with some serial
printers that had worked with the earlier P8 ROM.
     The Apple Super Serial Card firmware was finished in January 1981.  It
was called "super" because it replaced both the older Serial Interface Card
and the Communications Card.  To change from one type of mode to another,
however, called for switching a block on the card from one position to
another (from printer position to modem position).  The Super Serial Card
was also able to emulate both the P8 and P8A Serial Cards, making it
compatible with most older software written specifically for those
cards.<9>


VIDEO CARDS

     After getting a printer interface card (and printer), the next variety
of peripheral cards popular for the Apple II and II Plus were ones that
allowed display of 80 columns of text (which was rapidly becoming a
standard outside the Apple II world).  An early entry into this market was
the Sup'R'Terminal card made by M&R Enterprises, the same company that made
the Sup'R'Mod RF modulator for the Apple II.  One of the most popular of
the 80-column cards was the Videx Videoterm.  Videx even made a display
card that would display 132 columns card for the Apple II, but it never
made much headway in the computer world (being supplanted by bit-mapped
graphics displays, ala Macintosh).<3>
     Many other companies made 80-column cards, but for the most part they
were not very compatible with each other.  One problem was deciding on a
method to place the characters on the 80-column screen.  With the standard
Apple 40-column display, you could use either the standard routines in the
Monitor, or directly "poke" characters to the screen.  With these 80-column
cards, they often used a standard from the non-Apple world, that of using
special character sequences to indicate a screen position or other
functions.  For example, to put a character at row 12, column 2, a program
needed to send an ESC, followed by a letter, followed by 12 and 02.
Similar ESC sequences were used to clear the screen, scroll it up or down,
or do other things that Apple's built-in screen routines could do.
     When the Apple IIe was released, with its RAM-based method of
displaying 80 columns of text, nearly all the older 80-column cards
disappeared from the market.  As of 1991, only Applied Engineering still
makes one for those remaining II and II Plus users that don't yet have an
80-column display.
     One unique video product was made by Synetix, Inc. around 1983.  Their
SuperSprite board plugged into slot 7 (which had access to some video
signals not available on other slots), and was promoted as a graphics
enhancement system.  It worked by overlaying the hi-res screen with
animated "sprite" graphics (programmable characters that moved
independently on any screen background).  Since each sprite was on its own
"plane" on the screen, they didn't interfere with each other.  Also, it
didn't take extra effort bythe 6502 microprocessor to manipulate the
sprites; once the programmer placed the sprite on the screen and started it
moving, it would continue until told to change.  This was much easier than
trying to program a hi-res game using standard Apple graphics.
Unfortunately, at the price of $395 it never took off.  (It was hard for
developers to justify writing programs for only a few users that might have
this card).  Another company later made a similar card called the
StarSprite, but it suffered the same fate.  Even Apple's own double hi-res
graphics, introduced on the IIe, had the same problem with a small supply
of supporting software until the IIc and IIGS market got large enough to
guarantee that enough owners had the capability of displaying double
hi-res.<10>


ROM/RAM EXPANSION CARDS

     All peripheral cards released for the Apple II up to the time of the
Apple II Plus were usable only in slots 1 through 7.  Slot 0 was designed
differently, and until the release of the Applesoft Firmware Card ($200) in
1979 nothing had been built to make use of it.  The Firmware Card contained
ROM that paralleled the upper 12K of Apple II memory.  If you recall from
the discussion in Part 3 of this History, Integer BASIC and the ROM version
of Applesoft covered the same space in memory, and so could not co-exist.
When it was clear that a floating-point BASIC (Applesoft) was what many
people wanted, the II Plus came out with Applesoft in ROM.  To make sure
that the previous Apple II owners were not left out, Apple released the
Applesoft Firmware Card to plug into slot 0.  It had a switch that allowed
the user to select which BASIC should be active.  In one position, the
motherboard ROM would be selected, and in the other position the Applesoft
and Autostart ROM was selected.  Because there were quite a few Integer
BASIC programs that Apple II Plus users wanted to run, the Firmware Card
also came out in an Integer BASIC version with the old Monitor ROM, that
allowed II Plus users to simulate owning a standard II.<4>
     One of the benefits of the Integer BASIC ROM was the lack of something
known as a "RESET vector" in the Autostart ROM.  The Autostart Monitor was
called that because it would automatically try to boot the Disk II drive
when the power was turned on, and jumped to a known memory location when
the RESET key was pressed.  This allowed the disk operating system to
reconnect itself, but more importantly made it possible to create
copy-protected software.  Since the Autostart ROM made it possible for a
programmer to do something on RESET that prevented a user from examining
his program, it was popular with companies producing programs that they
didn't want copied and freely given away.  Usually, a RESET on a protected
program would restart the program, erase the program from memory, or
re-boot the disk.  The Integer BASIC and Old Monitor ROM lacked this
feature; a RESET would just drop the user into the Monitor.  This, of
course, was just what hackers and those who liked to break copy-protection
wanted.  The users with non-Plus Apple II's or with the Integer BASIC
Firmware Card on a II Plus could prevent a RESET from restarting ANYTHING,
allowing them to hack a program as much as they wanted.
     The next card Apple released for slot 0 was called the Language Card.
It was released in 1979 with Pascal, and expanded a 48K Apple II into a
full 64K memory computer.  It did not remove the upper 16K of ROM, but the
card contained 16K of RAM that was electronically parallel to the ROM.
Using "soft switches" (recall that these are memory locations that, when
read or written to, caused something internally to change) one could switch
out the ROM and switch in RAM memory.  This extra memory was used to load
the Pascal disk system, and under DOS 3.2 and 3.3, to load into RAM the
version of BASIC that was not in the ROM.  This was a more flexible
alternative to the Firmware Card, and opened the way to other languages
beyond BASIC for Apple II users.
     Since the only way to get Apple's Language Card was to buy the entire
Pascal system ($495), it was too expensive for many users.  Other companies
eventually came out with similar cards that did not require purchasing
Pascal, and some of them designed the cards with more "banks" of memory,
making 256K or more of extra memory available.  Saturn Systems was one
early suppliers of the large RAM cards.  Typically, each 16K bank on the
card would be switched in to the same memory space occupied by the Language
Card RAM through the use of a special softswitch.<11>


CO-PROCESSORS

     Although it did not go into slot 0, another significant card for the
Apple II was the Microsoft Z-80 Softcard, which sold for around $300.  It
was a co-processor card, allowing the Apple II to run software written for
the Z-80 microprocessor.  The most popular operating system for the
Z-80/8080 processors was the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers)
system.  Although the Disk II use a different method of recording data than
was used by Z-80 computers, Apple II users managed to get programs such as
the WordStar word processor transferred to the Apple CP/M system.
Microsoft worked to make it compatible with the 80-column cards that were
coming out at the time, since most CP/M software expected a screen of that
size.<3>,<12>
     After the arrival of the IBM Personal Computer and its wide acceptance
by the business world, there was interest in a co-processor for the
Apple II that would run IBM software.  A company called Rana, which had
been producing disk drives for the Apple II for several years, came out
with the Rana 8086/2 sometime in 1984.  This was a system that plugged into
slots on a II Plus or IIe, and would allow the user to run programs written
for the IBM PC.  It would also read disks formatted for that computer
(which also used a completely different data recording system than the one
used by the Apple II).  One Rana owner, John Russ, wrote to A2-CENTRAL
(then called OPEN-APPLE) to tell of his experience with it:  "We also have
one of the Rana 8086/2 boxes, with two [Rana] Elite II compatible drives
and a more-or-less (mostly less) IBM-PC compatible computer inside it.
Nice idea.  Terrible execution.  The drives are half-high instead of the
full height drives used in the normal Elite II, and are very unreliable for
reading or writing in either the Apple or IBM format ... And this product
again shows that Rana has no knowledgeable technical folks (or they lock
them up very well).  We have identified several fatal incompatibilities
with IBM programs, such as the system crashing totally if any attempt to
generate any sound (even a beep) occurs in a program, or if inverse
characters are sent to the display ... The response from Rana has been no
response at all, except that we can return the system if we want to.
Curious attitude for a company, isn't it?"<13>  By August 1985 Rana was
trying to reorganize under Chapter 11, and the product was never upgraded
or fixed.
     A co-processor called the ALF 8088 had limited distribution.  It
worked with the CPM86 operating system (a predecessor to MS-DOS) was used
by some newer computers just before the release of the IBM PC.<14>
     Even the Motorola 68000 processor used in the Macintosh came as a
co-processor for the Apple II.  The Gnome Card worked on the II Plus and
IIe, but like other 68000 cards for the II, it didn't make a major impact,
with the exception of those who wanted to do cross development (create
programs for a computer using a microprocessor other than the one you are
using).
     The most successful device in this category was the PC Transporter,
produced by Applied Engineering.  First released in November 1987, this
system included a card that plugged into any of the motherboard slots
(except slot 3) and included one or more IBM-style disk drives.  It used an
8086 processor and ran about three times as fast as the original IBM PC.
It used its own RAM memory, up to a maximum of 768K, which could be used as
a RAMdisk by ProDOS (when not in PC-mode).  It used some of the main Apple
memory for the interface code that lets the PC Transporter communicate with
the hardware.
     The PC Transporter has undergone some minor hardware changes and
several sets of software changes (mostly bug fixes but a few new features).
The major reasons for hardware changes came about because of the
availability of cheaper RAM (the original RAM was quite expensive and
difficult to obtain).  Additionally, changes were made to make the onboard
"ROM" software-based, which made it easier to distribute system upgrades
that enhanced hardware performance.<15>,<16>,<17>  The major limitation for
this product has been a reluctance by Applied Engineering to match the
changes that have happened in the MS-DOS world and come out with a version
of the Transporter that used a more advanced microprocessor (80286, 386, or
486).  As of 1991 this is slowly beginning to become more of a limitation
for those who wish to use both MS-DOS and Apple II software on the same
Apple II computer, since advanced software NEEDING those more powerful
processors is beginning to be released for MS-DOS.


ACCELERATORS

     The two things that all computer users eventually need (or at least
want) are more storage and faster speed.  The 1 MHz speed of the 6502 and
65c02 chips is somewhat deceiving, when compared with computers that have
processors running at a speed of 20 to 40 MHz.  To put things into
perspective:  Since the 6502 does more than one thing with a single cycle
of the clock on the microprocessor, a 1 MHz 6502 is equivalent to a 4 MHz
8086 chip.  Therefore, an Apple II with an accelerator board or chip
running at 8 MHz is equivalent to an MS-DOS computer running at 32 MHz.
     One of the first accelerators for the Apple II was the SpeedDemon,
made by MCT.  This board used a faster 65c02 chip, with some high-speed
internal memory that was used to actually execute the programs (since the
internal Apple II memory chips were not fast enough).  In essence, it put a
second Apple II inside the one you could see, using the original one for
input and output.  Another speedup board was the Accelerator IIe by Titan
Technologies (formerly Saturn Systems; they had to change their name
because it was already in use by someone else).  This board worked in a
similar fashion to the SpeedDemon.  Some users felt this product ran faster
than the SpeedDemon, but it depended on the application being tested.  Both
boards were attached to the computer by plugging them into a slot other
than slot 0 on the motherboard.
     In 1986 Applied Engineering introduced the TransWarp accelerator
board.  This product has lasted in the marketplace longer than any of the
other ones, possibly because AE did far more advertising than the companies
producing the older boards.  The TransWarp did the acceleration using a
different method.  Instead of trying to duplicate all of the Apple II RAM
within the accelerator, they used a cache.  (If you recall from the segment
on hard disk drives, a cache is a piece of memory holding frequently
accessed information).  Because they used the cache, the TransWarp did not
require any high-speed RAM on the motherboard.  Instead, any memory access
was also stored in the cache RAM, which WAS high-speed RAM.  The next time
a byte was requested from RAM, the accelerator looked first into the cache
memory to see if it was there.  If so, it took it (far more quickly) from
there; if not, it got it from motherboard RAM and put it into the cache.
Early TransWarp boards ran at 2.5 MHz; later versions pushed this speed to
7 MHz (this was the top speed used by the TransWarp GS, released in
November 1988 for the Apple IIGS).
     The next step in accelerator technology was to put all the components
of an accelerator board into a single chip.  This happened when two rivals,
the Zip Chip and the Rocket Chip, were released.  The Zip Chip was
introduced at AppleFest in May 1988, and the Rocket Chip soon after.
Running at 4 MHz, the Zip Chip was a direct replacement for the 6502 or
65c02 on the Apple II motherboard.  It contained its caching RAM within the
housing for the processor, the difference being mostly in height (or
thickness) of the integrated circuit.  Installing it was a bit more tricky
than simply putting a board into a slot; the 6502 had to be removed from
the motherboard with a chip puller, and the Zip Chip installed (in the
correct orientation) in its place.  Software to control the speed of the
chip was included, and allowed about ten different speeds, including the
standard 1 MHz speed (some games simply were too fast to play at 4 MHz, and
software that depended on timing loops to produce music had to be slowed
down to sound right).  The controlling software also let the user determine
which (if any) of the peripheral cards should be accelerated.  Disk
controller cards, since they used tight timing loops to read and write
data, usually could not be accelerated, where many serial and parallel
printer and modem cards would work at the faster speed.  The Zip Chip even
allowed the user to decide whether to run all sound at standard speed or at
the fast speed.
     The Rocket Chip, made by Bits And Pieces Technologies, was almost
exactly the same as the Zip Chip, with a few minor exceptions.  It was sold
with the ability to run programs at 5 MHz, and could be slowed down BELOW
the 1 MHz speed (down to 0.05 MHz).  Later, when Zip came out with an 8 MHz
version of their Zip chip, a 10 MHz Rocket Chip was introduced.
     The rivalry between Zip Technologies and Bits And Pieces Technologies
came from a mutual blaming of theft of technical information.  The Bits &
Pieces people insisted that they had done the original work on a single
chip accelerator with the Zip people, but had all the plans and
specifications taken away without their permission.  Consequently, they had
to form their own company and start from scratch to design their own chip.
Zip, on the other hand, insisted that Bits & Pieces had stolen the
technology from them.  The problem eventually came to court, and it was
decided that Zip Technologies was the originator of the technique and the
Rocket Chip had to stop production.


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

NEXT INSTALLMENT:  Peripherals, cont.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

                                   NOTES


     <1> Huth, Udo.  (personal mail), GEnie, E-MAIL, Mar 1991.

     <2> Spring, Michael.  "Write-A.P.P.L.E.", CALL-A.P.P.L.E., Apr 1984,
         pp. 49-50.

     <3> -----.  "A.P.P.L.E. Co-op Celebrates A Decade of Service".
         CALL-A.P.P.L.E., Feb 1988, pp. 12-27.

     <4> Peterson, Craig.  The Computer Store, Santa Monica, CA, STORE
         INFORMATION AND PRICES, Aug 10, 1979, p. 1.

     <5> Bernsten, Jeff.  GEnie, A2 ROUNDTABLE, Apr 1991, Category 2, Topic
         16

     <6> Lewellen, Tom.  "Integral Data/Parallel Card Fix", PEEKING AT
         CALL-A.P.P.L.E., VOL. 2, 1979, p. 113.

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